Veterinary Medicine: Future Challenges and Directions

Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA.
The 2005 environment presents new challenges and opportunities for the animal pharmaceutical industry. The current regulatory and economic environment is not for the meek or tender-hearted. It requires bold new perspectives from both the pharmaceutical industry and academia to address the therapeutic and production needs of animals.
With the implementation of ADUFA, a new window of opportunity exists to reinvest in significant research and development of novel therapies and production solutions. The research and candidate selection for development has to be extremely focused and discriminating to meet the needs. The pharmaceutical companies who will be the leaders of the future are the ones who abandon current traditional business objectives and venture into new arenas.
For the last forty years, the animal pharmaceutical industry has largely relied on the sales of antibacterial and anthelmintic products as the major portion of their product portfolios. Individual firms in the food animal pharmaceutical business had one or two flagship antimicrobials for treating bovine respiratory disease, swine respiratory disease, and for the reduction of poultry mortality. To a lesser extent firms carried antimicrobials for companion animal diseases. In addition, sponsors’ portfolios contained anthelmintic molecules and a smattering of anticoccidials, intramammary and other products. Many company portfolios contained production drugs, both hormonal and non-hormonal, for weight gain and feed efficiency and predominantly indicated for cattle. On the companion animal side, firms had a few key antimicrobials, anthelmintics, heart worm preventatives and flea control products.

Pertolongan pertama bila terjadi kesulitan kelahiran

Pada saat menjelang proses kelahiran terjadi maka frekuensi kontraksi masih belum teratur dan lemah. Semakin mendekati saat kelahiran maka kontraksi semakin kuat, teratur dan interval antar kontraksi semakin cepat dengan durasi kontraksi semakin lama.
Jika kondisi tersebut telah terjadi namun anak anjing atau kucing belum juga lahir hingga 15 sampai 30 menit, maka pemilik patut untuk curiga terjadi kesulitan kelahiran pada hewan kesayangannya.

INDONESIA MEMERLUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG VETERINER DAN BUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG KESEHATAN HEWAN. !

INDONESIA MEMERLUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG VETERINER DAN BUKAN UNDANG-UNDANG KESEHATAN HEWAN. !
Oleh:
dr drh Mangku Sitepoe

Satu-satunya payung hukum Kesehatan Hewan di Indonesia adalah Undang-Undang no.6 tahun 1967 tentang Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan. Tetapi Undang-Undang ini tidak mencabut Staatsblad 1912 no.432 tentang : Campur tangan pemerintah dalam bidang Kehewanan. Prof M Suparwi, 1946 Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan & Peternakan Universitas Gadjah Mada di Klaten, Staatsblad 1912 no.432 disebut juga sebagai Undang-Undang Veteriner.

Lahirnya UU no.6 tahun 1967.
Penyusun UU no.6/1967 adalah para Dokter Hewan lulusan Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan dan adapula yang lulus dari Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan & Peternakan. Pada Departemen Pertanian adanya Jawatan Kehewanan Pusat dan didaerah Dinas Kehewanan. Pada pra Repelita I sudah dituntut peningkatan produksi bidang Peternakan bukan hanya Kesehatan Hewan saja yang dikelola oleh para Dokter Hewan. Masih terngiang pada telinga penulis ucapan kata-kata Menteri Pertanian Mr Sutjipto: Dokter Hewan tahunya hanya katurangga kuda, cantiknya kucing maupun anjing, bukan mengetahui bagaimana meningkatkan produksi daging, telur, susu dan produk ternak lainnya. Maka oleh para Dokter Hewan disusun suatu RUU Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan dengan menitik beratkan kepada produksi Peternakan. Kesehatan Hewan hanya menunjang kesehatan hewan produksi atau peternakan. Begitu sempitnya masalah hewan: pada pasal 1 butir a.. UU no.6 tahun 1967, hewan adalah hewan yang hidup didarat. Pembangunan peternakan sebagai fokus utama dari UU no.6/1967 dan menganak tirikan Kesehatan Hewan. Sementara itu ruang lingkup Kesehatan Hewan hanya meliputi Kesehatan Hewan ansig atau Kesejahteraan Hewan melulu tanpa mempermasalahkan keterkaitannya dengan Kebahagian dan Kesejahteraan manusia-nya. Oleh para penyususun UU no.6/1967, masih tetap memberlakukan Staatsblad 1912 no.432 didalam menanggulangi Hewan dan Penyakitnya serta keterkaitannya dengan kebahagiaan & kesejahteraan manusia.
Menanggulangi Hewan dan Penyakitnya serta keterkaitannya dengan Kebahagiaan & Kesejahteraan manusia merupakan Rancangan Undang-Undang yang diusulkan PDHI (Perhimpunan Dokter Hewan Indonesia ) menjadi RUU Veteriner. Staatsblad 1912 no.432 beserta Staatsblad lainnya masih berlaku hingga saat ini di Indonesia hanya pada UU no: 16 tahun 1992…tentang Karantina telah mencabut Staatsblad 1912 no.432 dan Staatsblad lainnya dalam konteks per Karantinaan.

Soal Ujian Kompetensi Ilmu Bedah Hewan Kesayangan

During surgical correction of gastric dilation volvulus
a. gastrotomy is often required to empty the stomach
b. gastropexy is performed between stomach and left body wall
c. fluorescein dye is very helpful in assesing gastric viability
d. partial gastric invagination may be an alternative to partial gastric resection
e. splenectomy should also be performed if splenic torsion is still present following gastric derotation

Concerning ear surgery for chronic otitis externa, which statement is most accurate?
a. bilateral total ear canal ablation always results in deafness
b. total ear canal ablation is indicated when hypertrophy has produced stenosis of the horizon canal
c. bulla osteotomy should be avoided unless there is radiographic evidence of the otitis media
d. lateral ear canal resection may result in damage to the zygomatic salivary gland
e. facial nerve paralysis is a complication of lateral ear canal resection

Castration can be used in treatment or prevention of all the following disorders except:
a. perianal fistula
b. perineal hernia
c. perianal adenoma
d. benign prostatic hyperplasia
e. chronic prostatitis

Pertolongan pertama bila terjadi abses

Abses adalah akumulasi pus secara lokal. Abses disebabkan adanya infeksi . Abses bisa disertai bengkak dan rasa sakit. Abses dapat juga pecah dan pus atau nanah akan tampak keluar dari luka tersebut.

Kelinci juga butuh minum

Beberapa bulan terakhir banyak saya temukan kasus kelinci kecil sekitar umur satu bulan, baru dibeli dan beberapa hari kemudian sakit. Kelinci sering datang dalam kondisi lemas, lethargi, suhunya rendah.Pada palpasi ditemukan adanya masa keras di daerah abdomen. Kelinci dalam kondisi dehidrasi karena turgor kulitnya jelek, cuping hidung kering, serta selaput mukosa pucat. Bila lebih dari satu kelinci yang dipelihara diperoleh informasi, beberapa kelinci yang lain sudah mati di rumah. Seringkali pasien-pasien ini tidak tertolong.

Pertolongan pertama bila terjadi perdarahan

Hewan kesayangan dapat mengalami kondisi kritis bila mengalami perdarahan akibat kehilangan darah. Perdarahan seringkali terjadi akibat trauma. Bila perdarahan terus terjadi dan tidak berhenti, hewan dapat mengalami shock. Kehilangan darah kira-kira 2 sendok teh tiap berat badannya dapat menyebabkan shock.

Soal Ujian Kompetensi Dermatologi Hewan Kesayangan

A 6 year old Persian cat is depressed, slightly anorectic and lame. Finding of physical examination are unremarkable except for the skin. You find marked crusting of the inner aspects of the pinnae, intact pustules, periocular and nasal dcrusting and exudative paronychia. The hair coat is matted, with marked exfoliation. Result of a complete blood count, serum chemistry panel, and urinalysis are within normal limits. An antinuclear antibody test is negative. Cytologic examination of the contents of an intact pustules reveals full fileds of neutrophiles, no bacteria, and rafts of acantholytic cells. Histopathologic examination reveals subcorneal and intrangular pustular dermatitis with acantholysis but no evidence of bacteria. Direct immunofluorescence testing reveals deposition of immunoglobulins intercellualrly. The most likely cause of these finding is :
a. systemic lupus erytemaosus
b. drug eruption
c. pemphigus foliaceus
d. discoid lupus erythematosus
e. pemphigus vulgaris

Which of the following is not a cutaneus sign of hypoadrenocorticism in cats or dogs?
a. calcinosis cutis
b. thin, fragile skin
c. symmetric alopecia
d. commedones
e. hypertrichosis

Concerning atopy in dogs or cats, which statement is least accurate?
a. Atopy is a familial disease with definite breed predisposistions in dogs, such as terriers.
b. Atopic animals typically show facial, pedal, axillary and inguinal pruritus, but some dogs may show only pruritus of the ears.
c. Clinical sign may be seasonal or non seasonal
d. The primary skin lessions in atopy are hair loss, superficial pyoderma, milliary dermatitis, and seborrhea.
e. Treatment for non seasonal atopy includes hyposensiitization, which may takes as long as 9 month to produce a response.

Which of the following has not been implicated in the pathogenesis of flea-allergy dermatitis?
a. Type-1 hypersensitivity
b. Type-4 hypersensitivity
c. Late-phase immediate hypersensitivity reactions
d. Type-3 reactions
e. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity

Cutaneous asthenia is characterized by:
a. Abnormal skin elasticity and fragility
b. Exfoliation
c. Abnormal haircoat shedding and hair replacement
d. Hyperesthesia and self-trauma
e. Alopecia

Which of the following is not a common skin tumor of cats?
a. Basal-cell carcinoma
b. Squamous-cell carcinoma
c. Lipoma
d. Mast-cell tumor
e. Fibromsarcoma

A 12-week-old Labrador retriever puppy is extremely depressed and anorectic. It has a rectal temperature of 40,28 C and the skin is painful to the touch. The ears, face and muzzle are swollen, and intact vesicles and pustules are present. There is periocular swelling and ulceration. Marked generalized lymphodenopathy is present, and numerous lymph nodes have abscessed. Nodular draining lesions are present on the trunk. According to the owner, lesions developed 4 days after vaccination. A complete blood count reveals leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Lymph node aspiration reveals suppurative inflammation. Cytologic examination of material from a pustule shows degenerative neutrophils but no bacteria. A skin scraping is negative for Demodex mites. The most likely cause of these findings is:
a. Occult juvenile demodecosis
b. Juvenile cellulitis
c. Septichemia
d. Systemic lupus erythematosus
e. Drug reaction

Concerning of structure and functions of skin in dogs and cats, which statement is least accurate?
Langhan’s cell are part of the skin pigmentary system
The epidermis of dogs and cats is thinner that that of people
Melanocytes are fewer in number in feline skin than in canine skin.
The tails gland (supracaudal gland, preen gland) in dogs and cats produces an oily substance believed to be important in olfactory recognition

The most common underlying cause of deep pyoderma in dogs is :
a. demodecosis
b. dermatophytosis
c. inadequatly treated superficial pyoderma
d. Proteus infection
e. hypothyroidism

Concerning intradermal testing in dogs and cats, which statement is least accurate?
a. Antihistamine and acepromazine may cause a flase-negative reaction.
b. Oral or parenteral glucocorticoids, but not topical glucocorticoids, may cause a flase-negative reaction.
c. Fear, pseudopregnancy or estrous may cause a flase-negative reactions
d. Infalmmation associated with severe superficial pyoderma may cause a flase-positive reaction.
e. Testing with antigen mixtures, or overdiluted allergen concentration may cause a false-negative reaction.

A dog has extreme pruritus of the feet, with some foot pads crusted and some not crusted. The least likely cause of these signs is :
a. hookworm dermatitis
b. Peloderma dermatitis
c. irritan contact reaction
d. contact allergy
e. biotin deficiency

Concerning dermatophyte culture, which statement is least accurate?
a. Cultures of samples obtained by hair-coat brushing with a toothbrush are the most reliable method for cats, especially suspected asymptomatic carriers
b. When culturing isolated lesion from dogs, it is best to swab the area with alcohol to minimized the number of contaminant fungi

Concerning mite infestation in cats and dogs which statement is least accurate?
a. Cheyletiellosis is characterized by scalling with or without pruritus
b. Scabies in dogs is an inetensively pruritic skin disease with a predilection for thinly haired areas of the body
c. Otodectes infestation in cats and dogs require treatments of the ears and the body for eradicatiod.
d. Demodecosis is a contagious mite infestation
e. Notoedric mange in cats has a predilection for the head, and mites are easily found on skin scrapings

Of the following of disease and causative microorganisms, which set is incorrect?
a. cat bite abscess, Pasteurella multocida
b. feline dermatophytosis, Microsporum canis
c. bubonic plaque, Yersinia pestis
d. Lyme disease, Ixodes dammini
e. bacterial granulomas (botryomycosis), coagulase-positive staphylococcus

Concerning the stucture and functions of the skin in dogs and cats, which statement is least accurate?
a. Langhan’s cell are part of the skin pigemntary system
b. The epidermis of dogs and cats is thinner than that the people
c. Melanocytes are fewer in number in feline skin than in canine skin
d. Ctas and dogs do not have accrine sweat glands in haired skin
e. The tails gland (supracaudal gland, preen gland) in dogs and cats produces an oily substance believed to be important in olfactory recognition

Selamat mengerjakan, mudah-mudahan ini memicu anda untuk membuka kembali buku-buku lama. Disarankan untuk membaca Current Veterinary Therapy, 5 Minute Veterinary Consult – Canine and Feline dan Textbook Small Animal Internal Medicine.
Bagi yang ingin jalan pintas mengetahui jawabannya, tunggu tanggal mainnya, oke…

Pertolongan pertama pada kembung akut

Kembung adalah penyakit yang bersifat sangat fatal terutama bila disertai torsio atau puntiran pada lambung (volvulus).